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Tol
(Eastern) Jicaque, Jicaque de la Flor
Tolpan
Native to	Honduras
Region	Francisco Morazán Department
Ethnicity	19,600 Tolupan (1990)
Native speakers	almost 500 (2012)
Language family	Hokan ? Jicaquean Tol
Writing system	Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3	jic
Glottolog	toll1241
ELP	Tol
Map of Jicaquean and Tequistlatecan languages

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Tol (Tolpan), also known as Eastern Jicaque, Tolupan, and Torupan, is spoken by approximately 500 Tolupan people in La Monta?a de la Flor reservation in Francisco Morazán Department, Honduras.

Name

Tol speakers refer to themselves as the Tolpán, but are called Jicaques or Turrupanes by ladinos.

Former extent

Tol was also spoken in much of Yoro Department, but only a few speakers were reported in the Yoro Valley in 1974.

Tol used to be spoken from the Río Ulúa in the west, to modern-day Trujillo in the east, and to the Río Sulaco in the inland south. This area included the areas around modern-day El Progreso, La Ceiba, and possibly also San Pedro Sula. Most Tolupan had fled the Spanish from coastal regions by the early 1800s. The Tol speakers at La Monta?a de la Flor fled the Yoro Valley in 1865 to avoid being conscripted into forced labor by the local governor (Campbell & Oltrogge 1980:206, Hagen 1943, Chapman 1978).

Phonology

Consonants

		Bilabial	Alveolar	Palatal		Velar	Glottal
Plosive/ Affricate	plain	p	t	t??		k	?
	aspirated	p?	t?	t???		k?
	ejective	p?	t?	t???		k?
Fricative		β	s				h
Nasal		m	n			?
Lateral			l
Semivowel		w		j	j?

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i	?	u
Mid	e		o
Open		a

Orthogaphy

The Tol alphabet is as follows:

A a, C c, Cj cj, C' c', E e, I i, J j, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Pj pj, P' p', Q q, Qj qj, S s, T t, Tj tj, T' t', Ts ts, Tsj tsj, Ts' ts', U u, ü ü, V v, W w, Y y, '.

Spanish loanwords use the following letters:

B b, D d, G g, F f, H h, Ll ll, ? ?, R r, Rr rr, Z z.

Grammar

The following overview is based on Haurholm-Larsen (2014).

Constituent order

The basic constituent order of Tol is SOV and the language displays a consistently head final order of constituents, i.e. verbs follow the subject and the object, there are postpositions instead of prepositions, and subordinating conjunctions appear at the end of subordinate clauses.

Inflection

Verbs and nouns are inflected for person, number and, in the case of verbs, tense, using a number of different morpho-syntactic means which often conflate various meanings (polyexponentiality). These means include, prefixing, suffixing and infixing, ablaut and stress shift and the use of independent pronouns. Tense is also expressed by the use of particles. Number is only marked in noun phrases with animate referents. Some examples are given below.

m-wayúm 'my husband'
w-y-ayúm 'your husband'
woyúm 'her husband'
k?is wayúm 'our husband'
his wayúm 'your husband'
his wayúm 'their husband'

nap? üsü mü?üs 'I am drinking water'
hip? üsü müs 'you are drinking water'
hup? üsü mü 'he is drinking water'
kup? üsü misk?ék? 'we are drinking water'
nun üsü müsk?é 'you are drinking water'
yup? üsü mi?ün 'they are drinking water'

Most nouns take one of three suffixes: -(sV)s, -(V)N, -(V)k?.

Examples:

wo-sís 'house' (root: wa)
sit?-ím 'avocado' (root: sit?)
k?on-ík? 'bed' (root: k?an)

Nouns that never take suffixes refer to body parts and kinship terms.

References

• Campbell, Lyle, and David Oltrogge (1980). "Proto-Tol (Jicaque)." International Journal of American Linguistics, 46:205-223
• Dennis, Ronald K. (1976). "La lengua tol (jicaque): los sustantivos." Yaxkin 1(3): 2-7.
• Fleming, Ilah. (1977). "Tol (Jicaque) phonology." International Journal of American Linguistics 43(2): 121-127.
• Holt, Dennis. (1999). Tol (Jicaque). Languages of the World/Materials 170. Munich: LincomEuropa.