精不液化是什么原因导致的
 | This article should specify the language of its non-English content using {{lang}} or {{langx}}, {{transliteration}} for transliterated languages, and {{IPA}} for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate ISO 639 code. Wikipedia's multilingual support templates may also be used. (December 2021) |
| Kaure–Kosare | |
|---|---|
| Nawa River | |
| Geographic distribution | Nawa River, New Guinea |
| Linguistic classification | a primary language family |
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | kaur1274 |
 Map: The Kaure–Kapori languages of New Guinea
The Kaure–Kapori languages
Trans–New Guinea languages
Other Papuan languages
Austronesian languages
Uninhabited | |
The Kaure–Kosare or Nawa River languages are a small family spoken along the Nawa River in West Papua, near the northern border with Papua New Guinea.[1] The languages are Kaure and Kosare.
Classification
[edit]Kaure and Kosare (Kosadle) are clearly related. There is a history of classifying them with the Kapori–Sause languages. However, Kapori and Sause show no particular connection to the Kaure languages, and may be closer to Kwerba.[1]
Foley (2018) considers a connection with Trans-New Guinea to be promising, but tentatively leaves Kaure-Kosare out as an independent language family pending further evidence.[2]
Proto-language
[edit]Phonemes
[edit]Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant inventory as follows:[1]
*m *n *p *t *k *b *g *s *h *w *? [*j]
Coda consonants are stop *C (or more precisely *P) and nasal *N.
*i *u *e *o *? *? *? *a
Diphthongs are *?i, *?u, *ai *au.
Pronouns
[edit]Usher (2020) reconstructs the pronouns as:[1]
sg pl 1 *no (?), *na- *w?N 2 *ha-(n?) ? 3 ? ?
Basic vocabulary
[edit]Some lexical reconstructions by Usher (2020) are:[1]
gloss Proto-Nawa River hair *ha? ear *hw?k?uC eye *hwe?N tusk/tooth *paka? skin/bark *ki breast *muN louse *miN dog *se? pig *p? bird *ho?C tree *t??C woman *na? sun *h[?/a]niC moon *paka water *mi[j?] fire *sa(-[n/?]?N) eat *na?
Vocabulary comparison
[edit]The following basic vocabulary words are from Voorhoeve (1971, 1975)[3][4] and other sources, as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database.[5]
The words cited constitute translation equivalents, whether they are cognate (e.g. poka, paka for “moon”) or not (e.g. goklu, huaglüt, k?ro for “ear”).
gloss Kaure[6] Kosare[7] Narau head kasera; ple?; p?klai pot?′ hair hai; hat pot?i fukura hai ear goklu; huaglüt 'k?ro eye gewe; hwai; hwew ?s?rit nose gopo; hapu moro 'kakò tooth sbeje; s?bokai p?ki sebekai tongue sremu; s?umu p?r?′ leg due; du? nue louse mi; m? mi dog se sé pig pi pi kandu bird hou; hu; ku o egg hore; te; wale ho's??ri blood hi; katesa; katsa ?a bone era; laq; loa 'kákò skin aguli; arohei; axlit breast mu; muq kó kakò tree te; tei; teija t??di bimesini man debla; dido nepra woman dae ??m?'kasia sky l?bü nub? sun hafei; ha?i; harei ?n?′? kaberja moon gaka; poka paka water bi; biq; gomesi bi? bi fire sa; sa?; sare? sá sare stone t?si; t?si; tisi 'naka road, path selu k?m?r?′ name b?re; bl?; nokomne mor? eat ganasi; kadi; kand? k?n?′ kanaisini one gogotia; kauxja?; kaxotia kora'?? two t?apli; t?rav?rei; trapi tau
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e New Guinea World, Nawa River
- ^ Foley, William A. (2018). "The languages of Northwest New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 433–568. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
- ^ Voorhoeve, C.L. "Miscellaneous Notes on Languages in West Irian, New Guinea". In Dutton, T., Voorhoeve, C. and Wurm, S.A. editors, Papers in New Guinea Linguistics No. 14. A-28:47-114. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1971. doi:10.15144/PL-A28.47
- ^ Voorhoeve, C.L. Languages of Irian Jaya: Checklist. Preliminary classification, language maps, wordlists. B-31, iv + 133 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1975. doi:10.15144/PL-B31
- ^ Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". Retrieved 2025-08-05.
- ^ Clouse, D.A. 1997. Towards a reconstruction and reclassification of the Lakes Plain languages of Irian Jaya. In Franklin, K. (ed). Papers in Papuan Linguistics No. 2. Pacific Linguistics: Canberra.
- ^ Heeschen, V. 1978. The Mek languages of Irian Jaya with special reference to the Eipo language. Irian, 2: 3-67.
- Ross, Malcolm (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66. doi:10.15144/PL-572. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782.
External links
[edit]- Kaure languages database at TransNewGuinea.org
- Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, Proto–Nawa River