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| Giimbiyu | |
|---|---|
| Mangerr | |
| Native to | Australia |
| Region | Northern Territory |
| Extinct | 1980s–1990s[1] |
Arnhem Land?
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Latin (Australian Aboriginal) | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Variously:zme – Mangerrurc – Urninganggerr – Erre |
| Glottolog | giim1238 |
| AIATSIS[2] | N220 |
| ELP | Urningangga |
 Giimbiyu (purple), among other non-Pama-Nyungan languages (grey) | |
Giimbiyu is an extinct Aboriginal Australian language isolate once spoken by the Giimbiyu people of northern Australia.
The name Giimbiyu is a Gaagudju word for 'of the stoney country'. It was introduced in Harvey (1992) as a cover term for the named dialects,[2]
- Mangerr (Mengerrdji)
- Urningangga (Wuningak)
- Erri (Arri)
In 1997 Nicholas Evans proposed an Arnhem Land family that includes the Giimbiyu languages. However, they are not included in Bowern (2011).[3]
Phonology
[edit]Consonants
[edit]| Peripheral | Laminal | Apical | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Labial | Velar | Palatal | Alveolar | Retroflex | ||
| plain | pal. | |||||
| Plosive | p | k | ? | t | ? | |
| Nasal | m | ? | ? | n | ? | |
| Fricative | ? | |||||
| Tap | ? | |||||
| Lateral | ? | l | ? | ?? | ||
| Approximant | w | j | ? | |||
- Coarticulation among consonants is also present.
- Among consonant-coarticulation, /?/ when preceding sounds /l, ?/ may result in being heard as a voiceless palatal [?].
Vowels
[edit]| Front | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| High | ? | u | |
| Mid | ? | ? | |
| Low | a | ||
- /u/ may also be heard as [o].
- Coarticulation among a preceding /?/, may result in the vowel sound becoming more central [??] or as a diphthong [??].[4]
Vocabulary
[edit]Capell (1942) lists the following basic vocabulary items:[5]
gloss Mangeri Uningangk man wurilg wurig woman ?e?n ?e?n head wili?erm ul?erb eye i?m i?m nose jingolm ingolb mouth jagir indja?d tongue nindjadj indja?d stomach abe?we?e abe?we bone ijerm mulgud blood mane?ulm waija kangaroo oidjba?ar wurulamb opossum mu?a?d malijar? emu wiwijüw iwidjiw crow gagud gagud fly mu?imu?i ma?ana?a? sun mu?a?li? indjuwawi moon j?rag?l j?rag?l fire wi?umgarm widj?lim smoke wu???g wu???g water ogog ogog
References
[edit]- ^ Mangerr at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Urningangg at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Erre at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ a b N220 Giimbiyu at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
- ^ Bowern, Claire. 2011. "How Many Languages Were Spoken in Australia?", Anggarrgoon: Australian languages on the web, December 23, 2011 (corrected February 6, 2012)
- ^ Birch, Bruce (2006). A first dictionary of Erre, Mengerrdji and Urningangk: three languages from the Alligator Rivers Region of North Western Arnhem Land, Northern Territory. Gundjeihmi Aboriginal Corporation: Jabiru: Gundjeihmi Aboriginal Corp.
- ^ Capell, Arthur. 1941-1942, 1942-1943. Languages of Arnhem Land, North Australia. Oceania 12: 364-392, 13: 24-51.
Wiktionary has a word list at Appendix:North Australian word lists
- McConvell, Patrick and Nicholas Evans. (eds.) 1997. Archaeology and Linguistics: Global Perspectives on Ancient Australia. Melbourne: Oxford University Press