英国首相中国行肩负什么任务？英媒这样说
百度 传动系统则匹配的是一款7速自动变速箱,全时四驱系统,HarmanKardon音响系统、LED日间行车灯,中控彩色大屏，梅赛德斯-奔驰智能互联,座椅舒适组件(前排多仿型座椅，带座椅通风),designo风格木饰，钢琴漆黑,18英寸5辐式运动型车轮，新式设计;增加运动组件(AMG轮拱罩，运动排气系统，不锈钢备胎罩);以及镀锘组件,强劲的楔形特征以及醒目的奔驰车标使其在静止不动的时候都能让人感受到他的奔放气息。
 |
|---|
| Part of the Politics series |
| Direct democracy |
|---|
 |
 Politics portal |
There have been several referendums in the history of Poland.
Second Polish Republic (1918-1939)
[edit]There were no country-wide referendums, as this was neither mentioned in the March Constitution nor as a procedure.[1] But there were two local referendums on border issues between Poland and Weimar Republic:
- 11 July 1920 – Referendum on Warmia, Mazury and Powi?le[2]
- 20 March 1921 – Referendum on Upper Silesia[2]
Polish People's Republic (1946-1989)
[edit]There were two referendums in the People's Republic of Poland:[3]
- 30 June 1946 – People's referendum (also known as the 3xTAK, 3 times YES referendum)[3]
- 29 November 1987 – Referendum on political and economic reforms[3]
Third Polish Republic (1989-)
[edit]There have been six referendums in post-Communist Poland with only two binding:[4][5]
- 18 February 1996:[6]
- 25 May 1997 – Constitutional referendum[6]
- 7–8 June 2003 – Referendum on joining the EU[6]
- 6 September 2015 – Referendum with three questions regarding Sejm representation, political party funding, and tax law dispute resolution: introducing single-member constituencies for Sejm elections, maintaining state financing of political parties, and introducing a presumption in favor of the taxpayer in disputes over tax law.[6]
- 15 October 2023 – A referendum alongside nationwide elections to the Senate and Sejm.[7] Four questions have been announced by members of the government from 11–14 August. Voters were asked whether they approve of privatisation of state-owned enterprises, increase in the retirement age, admission of immigrants under the EU relocation mechanism and removal of the barrier on Poland’s border with Belarus.[8][9][10] The referendum was answered by around 40% of eligible Polish voters, making it not binding.[11]
A referendum on the proposed EU Constitution was planned in 2005, but was abandoned after the rejection of the Constitution by French voters.[12]
Turnout
[edit]| Year | Referendum | Voter turnout | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1946 | People's referendum | 90.10% | Binding[i] |
| 1987 | Political and economic reforms | 67.32% | Non-binding[ii] |
| 1996 | Enfranchisement of citizens | 32.44% | Non-binding |
| 1996 | Privatised assets | 32.44% | Non-binding |
| 1997 | Constitutional | 42.86% | Binding[iii] |
| 2003 | European Union membership | 58.85% | Binding |
| 2015 | Sejm representation | 7.80% | Non-binding |
| 2023 | Privatization, retirement age, barrier, migration | 40.91% | Non-binding |
Notes
[edit]- ^ Although the referendum was binding, both the results and the voter turnout were falsified.
- ^ The law required over half of eligible voters to respond "yes" for the referendum to be valid. This condition wasn't met—only 44.28% and 46.29% of registered voters responded "yes" to the two questions. Therefore, the result wasn't binding
- ^ Voter turnout was below the 50% threshold required by the 1995 Referendum Act. However, on 15 July, the Supreme Court ruled that the 1992 'small' constitution, which lacked turnout requirements, took precedence over the Act, thereby allowing the results to be binding.
References
[edit]- ^ Wo?od?ko, Krzysztof (27 January 2014). "Referenda lokalne s? w Polsce coraz powszechniej wykorzystywanym narz?dziem próby nacisku spo?ecznego na administracj? publiczn?. Z regu?y s? one jednak nieudane. Dlaczego?". nowyobywatel.pl. Retrieved 2025-08-05.
- ^ a b "Referenda i plebiscyty w najnowszych dziejach Polski". www.polityka.pl (in Polish). 2025-08-05. Retrieved 2025-08-05.
- ^ a b c Lubbezpo?rednio.pl; Synowiec, Tomasz (2025-08-05). "Referendum i propaganda. Referenda w Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (PRL)". Lubbezpo?rednio.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2025-08-05.
- ^ "Historia referendów w Polsce. Na jakie pytania odpowiadali Polacy? | HISTORIA.org.pl - historia, kultura, muzea, matura, rekonstrukcje i recenzje historyczne". HISTORIA.org.pl (in Polish). 2025-08-05. Retrieved 2025-08-05.
- ^ "Referenda ogólnokrajowe w historii III RP". Wszystko co najwa?niejsze (in Polish). Retrieved 2025-08-05.
- ^ a b c d "Historyczne referenda III RP. O czym decydowali Polacy?". www.pap.pl. 2025-08-05. Retrieved 2025-08-05.
- ^ "Poland to vote in privatisation referendum, likely alongside October election". Reuters. 2025-08-05. Retrieved 2025-08-05.
- ^ Connolly, Kate (2025-08-05). "Polish prime minister to hold referendum on EU's immigration plan". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2025-08-05.
- ^ "Poland unveils referendum on EU migrant policy – DW – 08/13/2023". dw.com. Retrieved 2025-08-05.
- ^ Tilles, Daniel (2025-08-05). "Referendum to ask Poles if they support EU "imposing thousands of illegal immigrants"". Notes From Poland. Retrieved 2025-08-05.
- ^ "Frekwencja w referendum: 40,91 proc., wynik nie jest wi???cy". www.rmf24.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2025-08-05.
- ^ "Europejskie referendum konstytucyjne w Polsce | Informacje, wyja?nienie, fakty historyczne | iNFOPEDIA". Info dla Polaka - Wa?ne informacje: Polityka, Sport, Motoryzacja (in Polish). Retrieved 2025-08-05.
| Presidential elections | |
|---|---|
| Parliamentary elections | |
| Local elections | |
| European elections | |
| Referendums | |
| Silesian Sejm elections | |
  | This Polish elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |