营口陆海并举服务“一带一路” 盘活全域经济
"Might makes right" or "might is right" is an aphorism that asserts that those who hold power are the origin of morality, and they control a society's view of right and wrong.[1][2][3] Montague defined kratocracy or kraterocracy (from the Ancient Greek: κρ?το?, romanized: krátos, lit.?'might; strength') as a government by those strong enough to seize control through violence or deceit.[4]
"Might makes right" has been described as the credo of totalitarian regimes.[5] The sociologist Max Weber analyzed the relations between a state's power and its moral authority in Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. Realist scholars of international politics use the phrase to describe the "state of nature" in which power determines the relations among sovereign states.[6]
History
[edit]The idea, though not the wording, has been attributed to the History of the Peloponnesian War, written around 410 BC by the ancient historian Thucydides, who stated that "right, as the world goes, is only in question between equals in power, while the strong do what they can and the weak suffer what they must."[7]
In the first chapter of Plato's Republic, authored around 375 BC Thrasymachus claims that "justice is nothing else than the interest of the stronger", which Socrates then disputes.[8] Callicles in Gorgias argues similarly that the strong should rule the weak, as a right owed to their superiority.[9]
The Book of Wisdom, written around the first century BC to first century AD, describes the reasoning of the wicked: "Let us oppress the righteous poor man; let us not spare the widow nor regard the gray hairs of the aged. But let our might be our law of right, for what is weak proves itself to be useless."[10]
The related idea of "woe to the conquered" is stated in Livy's History of Rome, in which the similar Latin phrase "vae victis" is first recorded.[11][12]
An early instance of the phrase in English is found in Thomas Carlyle's 1839 essay Chartism: "Might and Right do differ frightfully from hour to hour; but give them centuries to try it in, they are found to be identical." He later clarified his position in a journal entry from 1848, saying that "right is the eternal symbol of might" rather than the reverse.[13]
In 1846, the American pacifist and abolitionist Adin Ballou (1803–1890) wrote, "But now, instead of discussion and argument, brute force rises up to the rescue of discomfited error, and crushes truth and right into the dust. 'Might makes right,' and hoary folly totters on in her mad career escorted by armies and navies."[14]
Abraham Lincoln's Cooper Union speech (1860) famously reverses the phrase by stating: "Let us have faith that right makes might, and in that faith, let us, to the end, dare to do our duty as we understand it".[15][16]
Arthur Desmond authored Might Is Right in 1896, which prompted criticism from Leo Tolstoy.[17]
Philosopher William Pepperell Montague coined the term Kratocracy, from the Greek: κρατερ?? (krateros), meaning "strong", for government by those who are strong enough to seize power through force or cunning.[4]
In a letter to Albert Einstein from 1932, Sigmund Freud also explores the history and validity of "might versus right".[18]
Pope Francis observed that "immense inequality, injustice and acts of violence" have arisen from adoption of the principle of "might is right".[19]
See also
[edit]- Argumentum ad baculum
- Dominant culture
- Divide and conquer
- Friedrich Nietzsche
- Law of the jungle
- Machiavellianism
- Master morality
- Max Stirner
- Melian Dialogue
- Political realism
- Political repression
- Power politics
- Right of conquest
- Social Darwinism
- Supremacism
- Survival of the fittest
- Trial by combat
- Victor's justice
- Winner and loser culture
References
[edit]- ^ "Definition of MIGHT MAKES/IS RIGHT". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2025-08-05.
- ^ "Dictionary.com | Meanings & Definitions of English Words". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2025-08-05.
- ^ "might makes right". TheFreeDictionary.com. Retrieved 2025-08-05.
- ^ a b Hausheer, Herman (1942). "Kratocracy". In Runes, Dagobert D. (ed.). Dictionary of Philosophy.
- ^ White, G.E. (1973), Evolution of Reasoned Elaboration: Jurisprudential Criticism and Social Change, The, Va. L. Rev.
- ^ Ray, J.L. (1982), "Understanding Rummel", Journal of Conflict Resolution, 26: 161–187, doi:10.1177/0022002782026001007, S2CID 220628906
- ^ Thucydides (431). The Melian Dialogue.
- ^ Plato (375). "Book 1". Plato's Republic.
- ^ Plato (380). Gorgias.
- ^ Wisdom 2, 10-11
- ^ "Titus Livius (Livy), The History of Rome, Book 5, chapter 48". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2025-08-05.
- ^ "Vae victis | Etymology of phrase vae victis by etymonline".
- ^ Boos, Florence S. "Carlyle's Conception of the Hero in Sartor Resartus and On Heroes". victorianfboos.studio.uiowa.edu. Retrieved 2025-08-05.
- ^ Ballou, Adin (1846). Christian Non-Resistance, in All Its Important Bearings, Illustrated and Defended. Philadelphia: J. Miller M'Kim. p. 119. OCLC 7335706411.
- ^ Holzer, Harold (7 November 2006). Lincoln at Cooper Union: The Speech That Made Abraham Lincoln President. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4165-4794-5.
- ^ Thomas, Benjamin P. (26 September 2008). Abraham Lincoln: A Biography. SIU Press. ISBN 978-0-8093-2887-1.
- ^ What is art? Leo Tolstoy
- ^ Why War? An Exchange of Letters Between Freud and Einstein (PDF). Freud Museum. 30 July 1932. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 June 2015.
- ^ Pope Francis, Laudato si' (On Care for our Common Home), paragraph 82, published 24 May 2015, accessed 11 June 2023
