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The Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk (Ukrainian: Конституц?я Пилипа Орлика, romanized: Konstytutsiia Pylypa Orlyka) or the Bender Constitution,[a] formally titled as The Treaties and Resolutions of the Rights and Freedoms of the Zaporozhian Host (Latin: Pacta et Constitutiones legum libertatumque Exercitus Zaporoviensis, Ukrainian: Договори ? Постановлення Прав ? вольностей В?йська Запорозького, romanized: Dohovory i Postanovlennia Prav i vol?nostei Viis?ka Zaporoz?koho), is a constitutional document written by the Hetman of the Zaporizhian Host, Pylyp Orlyk,[2] the Cossack elders and the Cossacks of the Zaporozhian Army on the 5 April 1710 in the city of Bender (Tighina) in the Principality of Moldavia. It is sometimes called the first constitution of Ukraine.[3][4]
It established the principle of the separation of powers in government between the legislative, executive, and judiciary branches well before the publication of Montesquieu's Spirit of the Laws.[citation needed] The document limited the executive authority of the hetman, and established a Cossack parliament called the General Council (General Rada).
The Old Ukrainian-language original, signed by Orlyk, accompanied by a diploma signed by King Charles XII of Sweden, was found in 2008 by Ukrainian researchers in the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts, Moscow.[5] The Latin-language original is kept in the National Archives of Sweden.
History
[edit]
After the Battle of Poltava, when Charles XII of Sweden's and Hetman Ivan Mazepa's armies were defeated by Peter I of Russia, Pylyp Orlyk remained with Mazepa. Together, Orlyk, Mazepa, and their Cossack forces retreated to the city of Bender (Tighina) in Bessarabia (now the city is in Moldova, then in the Ottoman Empire). The Zaporizhian Cossack Army also settled in this area.
After Mazepa died, on 5 April 1710 Pylyp Orlyk was elected as the Hetman of the Zaporizhian Host. On the same day, he issued the Pacts and Constitutions of Rights and Freedoms of the Zaporizhian Host. Orlyk's Constitution is sometimes referred to by the city of its proclamation, the Bender Constitution.
Articles of the Constitution
[edit]The Ukrainian-language title reads: "Договори ? постанови прав ? свобод в?йськових м?ж Ясновельможним Його Милост? паном Пилипом Орликом, новообраним гетьманом В?йська Запор?зького, ? м?ж генеральними особами, полковниками ? тим же В?йськом Запор?зьким з повною згодою з обох стор?н"[6] The document is made up of a preamble[7] and 16 articles.[8]
Preamble
[edit]The preamble briefly discusses Cossack history, their Khazar and Roxolani origin mythos, the rise of the Zaporizhian Sich and its downfall when after under Bohdan Khmelnytsky it rebelled against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and ended up serving Imperial Russia. According to the introduction, using all available means, Moscow limited and nullified rights and freedoms of the Zaporizhian Host and eventually subjugated the free Cossack nation. Ivan Mazepa's politics and alliance with Charles XII of Sweden are explained as logical and inevitable, mandated by the need to free the homeland. The independence of the new state from Russia is given as the primary goal of the Bender Constitution.
Articles 1–5
[edit]Articles 1–3 dealt with general Ukrainian affairs. They proclaimed the Eastern Orthodox faith to be the faith of Ukraine, and to further the independence from Moscow, the Kyiv Patriarchate must acquire the direct subordination to the Apostolic Capital of Constantinople. The residence of people proselytizing other faiths, such as Catholicism, Islam and Judaism, must be forbidden. The Sluch River was designated as the boundary between Ukraine and Poland. The articles also recognized the need for an anti-Russian alliance between Ukraine and the Crimean Khanate.
Articles 4–5 reflected the interests of the Zaporozhian Cossacks, who constituted the overwhelming majority of the Bender emigration. The Hetman was obligated:
- to expel, with the help of Charles XII, the Russians from Zaporozhian territories
- to grant the town of Trakhtemyriv to the Zaporozhians to serve as a hospital, and
- to disallow non-Zaporozhians to own anything in Zaporozhian territories
Articles 6–16
[edit]Articles 6–10 limited the powers of the hetman and established a Cossack parliament, similar to an extended council of officers, which was to meet three times a year. The General Council was to consist not only of the general staff and the regimental colonels, but also of "an outstanding and worthy individual from each regiment."
Articles 11–16 protected the rights of towns, limited the taxation of peasants and poor Cossacks, and restricted the innkeepers. Charles XII, king of Sweden and "the protector of Ukraine," happened to be in Bender at the time, and confirmed these articles.
Memory
[edit]
On 9 April 2010, the 300th anniversary of the creation of the Constitution, a monument was dedicated in Bender. The monument is in the form of a book with engraved information about the history of the writing of the Constitution and its full name in Ukrainian and Latin.[9]
Notes
[edit]- ^ In the historiography it was variously called as "Догов?р", "Харт?я", "Угода", "Акт", "Конституц?я", "Державна конституц?я", "Конституц?я Пилипа Орлика", "Бендерська конституц?я", "Козацька конституц?я", "Конституц?я Укра?нсько? гетьмансько? держави", "Перша конституц?я Укра?ни", "Конституц?я В?йська Запорозького", "Укра?нська конституц?я", etc.[1]
References
[edit]- ^ ПАКТИ ТА КОНСТИТУЦ?? ЗАКОН?В ? ВОЛЬНОСТЕЙ В?ЙСЬКА ЗАПОРОЗЬКОГО 1710, Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine
- ^ "Sweden sends Ukraine copies of Pylyp Orlyk’s Constitution on Constitution Day", Kyiv Post, (June 28, 2021)
- ^ "The First Constitution of Ukraine (5 April 1710)", Harvard Ukrainian Studies
- ^ Carpentier, Jean; Co-operation, Council of Europe Council for Cultural (1 January 2001). The Emergence of Human Rights in Europe: An Anthology. Council of Europe. p. 211. ISBN 978-92-871-4514-7.
- ^ Конституц?я Пилипа Орлика: ориг?нал та його ?стор?я. П?дготувала Вовк О. Б., Арх?ви Укра?ни (Archives of Ukraine), 2010. issue 3-4 (269), pp. 145—166]
- ^ "КОНСТИТУЦ?Я ПИЛИПА ОРЛИКА". The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. Archived from the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved June 5, 2022.
- ^ Mahrytska, Iryna (2025-08-05). "Hetman Pylyp Orlyk and Ukraine's First Constitution". Eastern Ukrainian National University of V. Dalya. Jurisprudentia/Slovo Prosvity. Archived from the original on 2025-08-05. Retrieved 2025-08-05.
- ^ "Bendery, Constitution of". The Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies.
- ^ "Конституц?я Пилипа Орлика — UKR.md" (in Ukrainian). 5 April 2020. Retrieved 2025-08-05.
Further reading
[edit]- Dogovor i postanovlenie mezhdu Get'manom Orlikom i voiskom Zaporozhskim v 1710, in Chteniia v Imperatorskom obshchestve istorii i drevnostei rossiiskikh (Moscow 1858)
- Krupnyts’kyi, B. Het'man Pylyp Orlyk i ioho politychna diial’nist’ (1672–1742) (Warsaw 1938)
- Vasylenko, M. The Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk, AUA, 6, nos 3-4 (1958)
- Sliusarenko, A. H.; Tomenko, M. V. Istoriia Ukrainskoi Konstytytsii, "Znannia," (Ukraine 1993), ISBN 5-7770-0600-0
External links
[edit]- Encyclopedia of Ukraine
- (in Ukrainian) Text of the Pylyp Orlik Constitution
- (in English) Information about the Constitution
- (in Latin) Transcript of Pylyp Orlyk's autograph Contenta Pactorum - Brief Latin version
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