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Voivodeships of Poland Template:Lang-pl
Also known as: province, state
West Pomeranian Pomeranian Warmian-Masurian Podlaskie Lubusz Greater Poland Kuyavian- Pomeranian Lower Silesian Opole Silesian ?wi?tokrzyskie ?ód? Masovian Lublin Lesser Poland Subcarpathian
Category	Provinces (unitary local government subdivision)
Location	Republic of Poland
Number	16 voivodeships
Populations	966,000 (Opole) – 5,432,000 (Masovian)
Areas	9,413 km2 (3,634.2 sq mi) (Opole) – 35,580 km2 (13,737 sq mi) (Masovian)
Government	Voivodeship government, National government
Subdivisions	Powiat (county)

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A voivodeship or voivodship (/?v??vo?d??p/; Template:Lang-pl [v?j??vut?stf?]; plural: województwa) is the highest-level administrative division of Poland, corresponding to a province in many other countries. The term has been in use since the 14th century and is commonly translated into English as "province".

The Polish local government reforms adopted in 1998, which went into effect on 1 January 1999, created sixteen new voivodeships. These replaced the 49 former voivodeships that had existed from 1 July 1975, and bear a greater resemblance (in territory, but not in name) to the voivodeships that existed between 1950 and 1975.

Today's voivodeships are mostly named after historical and geographical regions, while those prior to 1998 generally took their names from the cities on which they were centered. The new units range in area from under 10,000 km² (3,900 sq mi) (Opole Voivodeship) to over 35,000 km² (14,000 sq mi) (Masovian Voivodeship), and in population from nearly one million (Opole Voivodeship) to over five million (Masovian Voivodeship).

Administrative authority at the voivodeship level is shared between a government-appointed governor called a voivode (wojewoda), an elected assembly called a sejmik, and an executive board (zarz?d województwa) chosen by that assembly, headed by a voivodeship marshal (marsza?ek województwa). Voivodeships are further divided into powiats ('counties') and gminas ('communes' or 'municipalities'), the smallest administrative divisions of Poland.

Etymology and use

Some English-language sources, in historic contexts, speak of palatinates rather than voivodeships. The term "palatine" traces back to the Latin palatinus.

More commonly used now is province or voivodeship. The latter is a loanword-calque hybrid formed on the Polish województwo.

Some writers argue against rendering województwo in English as province, on historic grounds. Before the third and last Partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, which occurred in 1795, each of the main constituent regions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth—Greater Poland, Lesser Poland, Lithuania, and Royal Prussia—was sometimes idiosyncratically referred to as a "Province" (prowincja). According to the argument, a province (such as Greater Poland) cannot consist of a number of subdivisions ("województwa", the plural of "województwo") that are likewise called "provinces". This is an antiquarian consideration, as " province" has not been used in this sense in Poland for over two centuries. The former larger political units, all now obsolete, can be referred to in English as they were, "regions".

The Polish województwo, designating a second-tier Polish or Polish–Lithuanian administrative unit, derives from wojewoda, (etymologically, a 'warlord', 'war leader' or 'leader of warriors', but now simply the governor of a województwo) and the suffix -ztwo (a "state or condition").

The English voivodeship, which is a hybrid of the loanword voivode and -ship (the latter a suffix that calques the Polish suffix -ztwo), has never been much used and is absent from many dictionaries. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, it first appeared in 1792, spelled "woiwodship", in the sense of "the district or province governed by a voivode." The word subsequently appeared in 1886 also in the sense of "the office or dignity of a voivode."

It's worth noting that the spelling and definition of the word may have changed over time and may vary depending on the dictionary.

The naming convention for voivodship versus voivodeship is based on the different ways in which the word has been anglicized over time. "Voivodship" is the older, more traditional spelling of the word, which was used in older English texts and reflects the original Slavic pronunciation of the word. This spelling is still used in some Eastern European countries that have this type of administrative region. On the other hand, "voivodeship" is the more modern, anglicized version of the word, which is used in English-language sources and is the preferred spelling in international contexts. It reflects the way the word has been adapted to conform to the rules of English orthography and pronunciation. The difference between the two spellings is primarily one of formality, the older spelling is more traditional and the more modern one is more anglicized version. It's important to note that the spelling of "voivodeship" is more commonly used in English-language sources, but both "voivodship" and "voivodeship" are correct and refer to the same thing.

Poland's Commission on Standardization of Geographic Names outside the Republic of Poland, prefers the form which omits the 'e', recommending the spelling "voivodship", for use in English. The commission recommends that the term "voivodship" should be used in all official documents, international communications, and publications in English language. It's worth noting that the Commission on Standardization of Geographical Names Outside the Republic of Poland, is the official body that recommends and approves the official spelling and transliteration of geographical names in Poland, so their recommendations are followed by the Polish government. Therefore, the Polish government uses the "voivodship" spelling in official documents and publications in English language. According to the "Toponymic Guidelines of Poland for Map Editors and Other Users [Fourth revised edition, 2010]" the term "voivodship" is the only recommended spelling for the name of administrative regions in Poland in English language.

Since 1999

Map of Polish voivodeships since 1999 (abbreviations)

Administrative powers

Competences and powers at voivodeship level are shared between the voivode (governor), the sejmik (regional assembly) and the marshal. In most cases these institutions are all based in one city, but in Kuyavian-Pomeranian and Lubusz Voivodeship the voivode's offices are in a different city from those of the executive and the sejmik. Voivodeship capitals are listed in the table below.

The voivode is appointed by the Prime Minister and is the regional representative of the central government. The voivode acts as the head of central government institutions at regional level (such as the police and fire services, passport offices, and various inspectorates), manages central government property in the region, oversees the functioning of local government, coordinates actions in the field of public safety and environment protection, and exercises special powers in emergencies. The voivode's offices collectively are known as the urz?d wojewódzki.

The sejmik is elected every five years. (The first of the five-year terms began in 2018; previous terms lasted four years.)) Elections for the sejmik fall at the same time as that of local authorities at powiat and gmina level. The sejmik passes by-laws, including the voivodeship's development strategies and budget. It also elects the marsza?ek and other members of the executive, and holds them to account.

The executive (zarz?d województwa), headed by the marsza?ek drafts the budget and development strategies, implements the resolutions of the sejmik, manages the voivodeship's property, and deals with many aspects of regional policy, including management of European Union funding. The marshal's offices are collectively known as the urz?d marsza?kowski.

List

Polish voivodeships since 1999

Abbr.	Flag	Coat of arms	Ter. code	Voivodeship	Polish name	Capital cities	Area (km2)	Population (2022)	Pop. per km2	Car plates
DS			02	Lower Silesian	dolno?l?skie	Wroc?aw	19,947	2,903,000	145	D
KP			04	Kuyavian-Pomeranian	kujawsko-pomorskie	Bydgoszcz1, Toruń2	17,971	2,056,000	115	C
LU			06	Lublin	lubelskie	Lublin	25,123	2,104,000	83	L
LB			08	Lubusz	lubuskie	Gorzów Wielkopolski1, Zielona Góra2	13,988	995,000	72	F
LD			10	?ód?	?ódzkie	?ód?	18,219	2,443,000	134	E
MA			12	Lesser Poland	ma?opolskie	Kraków	15,183	3,399,000	225	K
MZ			14	Masovian	mazowieckie	Warsaw	35,559	5,432,000	153	W
OP			16	Opole	opolskie	Opole	9,412	966,000	104	O
PK			18	Subcarpathian	podkarpackie	Rzeszów	17,846	2,098,000	119	R
PD			20	Podlaskie	podlaskie	Bia?ystok	20,187	1,182,000	58	B
PM			22	Pomeranian	pomorskie	Gdańsk	18,323	2,355,000	128	G
SL			24	Silesian	?l?skie	Katowice	12,333	4,501,000	364	S
SK			26	Holy Cross	?wi?tokrzyskie	Kielce	11,710	1,216,000	105	T
WN			28	Warmian-Masurian	warmińsko-mazurskie	Olsztyn	24,173	1,423,000	59	N
WP			30	Greater Poland	wielkopolskie	Poznań	29,826	3,486,000	117	P
ZP			32	West Pomeranian	zachodniopomorskie	Szczecin	22,905	1,694,000	74	Z
1 Seat of voivode. 2 Seat of sejmik and marshal.

Economies

Main article: List of Polish voivodeships by GRP

According to 2017 Eurostat data, the GDP per capita of Polish voivodeships varies notably and there is a large gap between the richest per capita voivodeship (being the Masovian Voivodeship at 33,500 EUR) and the poorest per capita (being the Lublin Voivodeship at 14,400 EUR).

Historical development

Outline of Poland

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1619, around the time of the Commonwealth's greatest extent

Voivodeships of Congress Poland

Map of Polish voivodeships (1921–1939)

Poland's prewar and postwar borders, 1939–1945

Map of Polish voivodeships (1957–1975)

Map of Polish voivodeships (1975–1998)

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

Further information: Subdivisions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Voivodes of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

Greater Poland (Wielkopolska)

The following is a list of the Voivodeships within Greater Poland at various points over the period from the mid-16th century until the late 18th century:

• Poznań Voivodeship (województwo poznańskie, Poznań)
• Kalisz Voivodeship (województwo kaliskie, Kalisz)
• Gniezno Voivodeship (województwo gnie?nieńskie, Gniezno) from 1768
• Sieradz Voivodeship (województwo sieradzkie, Sieradz)
• ??czyca Voivodeship (województwo ??czyckie, ??czyca)
• Brze?? Kujawski Voivodeship (województwo brzesko-kujawskie, Brze?? Kujawski)
• Inowroc?aw Voivodeship (województwo inowroc?awskie, Inowroc?aw)
• Che?mno Voivodeship (województwo che?mińskie, Che?mno)
• Malbork Voivodeship (województwo malborskie, Malbork)
• Pomeranian Voivodeship (województwo pomorskie, Gdańsk)
• Duchy of Warmia (Ksi?stwo Warmińskie, Lidzbark Warmiński)
• Duchy of Prussia (Ksi?stwo Pruskie, Królewiec)
• P?ock Voivodeship (województwo p?ockie, P?ock)
• Rawa Voivodeship (województwo rawskie, Rawa Mazowiecka)
• Masovian Voivodeship (województwo mazowieckie, Warszawa)

Lesser Poland (Ma?opolska)

The following is a list of the Voivodeships within Lesser Poland over the period of the mid-16th century until the late 18th century:

• Kraków Voivodeship (województwo krakowskie, Kraków)
• Sandomierz Voivodeship (województwo sandomierskie, Sandomierz)
• Lublin Voivodeship (województwo lubelskie, Lublin)
• Podlaskie Voivodeship (województwo podlaskie, Drohiczyn)
• Ruthenian Voivodeship (województwo ruskie, Lwów [today Lviv, Ukraine])
• Be?z Voivodeship (województwo belzkie, Be?z [Belz, Ukraine])
• Volhynian Voivodeship (województwo wo?yńskie, ?uck [Lutsk, Ukraine])
• Podole Voivodeship (województwo podolskie, Kamieniec Podolski [Kamianets-Podilskyi, Ukraine])
• Brac?aw Voivodeship (województwo brac?awskie, Brac?aw [Bratslav, Ukraine])
• Kijów Voivodeship (województwo kijowskie, Kijów [Kyiv, Ukraine, or Kiev])
• Czernihów Voivodeship (województwo czernichowskie, Czernihów [Chernihiv, Ukraine])

Grand Duchy of Lithuania

Voivodeships of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania during the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth were based on the administrative structure that existed in the Duchy prior to the Commonwealth's formation, from at least the early-15th century. They were:

• Wilno Voivodship (województwo wileńskie, Wilno [Vilnius, Lithuania])1413
• Troki Voivodship (województwo trockie, Troki [Trakai, Lithuania])
• Nowogrodek Voivodship (województwo nowogrodzkie, Nowogródek [Novogrudok, Belarus])
• Brest-Litovsk Voivodship (województwo brzesko-litewskie, Brze?? Litewski [Brest, Belarus])
• Minsk Voivodship (województwo mińskie, Mińsk [Minsk, Belarus])
• Mscislaw Voivodship (województwo m?cis?awskie, M?cis?aw [Mstsislaw, Belarus])
• Smolensk Voivodship (województwo smoleńskie, Smoleńsk [Smolensk, Russia])
• Vitebsk Voivodship (województwo witebskie, Witebsk [Vitebsk, Belarus])
• Polock Voivodship (województwo po?ockie, Po?ock [Polotsk, Belarus])
• Duchy of Samogita (ksi?stwo ?mudzkie, Miedniki-Wornie [Varniai, Lithuania])

Duchy of Livonia

While the Duchy of Livonia was part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, approximately 1569–1772, in various periods it comprised the following voivodeships in varying combinations:

• Wenden Voivodship (województwo wendeńskie, Wenden [Cēsis, Latvia]) from 1598 until the 1620s
• Dorpat Voivodship (województwo dorpackie, Dorpat [Tartu, Estonia]) from 1598 until the 1620s
• Parnawa Voivodship (województwo parnawskie, Parnava [P?rnu, Estonia]) from 1598 until the 1620s
• Inflanty Voivodeship (województwo inflanckie Dyneburg [Daugavpils, Latvia]) from the 1620s
• Duchy of Courland and Semigalia (ksi?stwo Kurlandii i Semigalii), Mitawa [Jelgava, Latvia])

Congress Poland

Further information: Administrative division of Congress Poland

From 1816 to 1837 there were 8 voivodeships in Congress Poland.

• Augustów Voivodeship
• Kalisz Voivodeship
• Kraków Voivodeship
• Lublin Voivodeship
• Mazowsze Voivodeship
• P?ock Voivodeship
• Podlaskie Voivodeship
• Sandomierz Voivodeship

Second Polish Republic

Further information: Administrative division of Second Polish Republic

The administrative division of Poland in the interwar period included 16 voivodeships and Warsaw (with voivodeship rights). The voivodeships that remained in Poland after World War II as a result of Polish–Soviet border agreement of August 1945 were very similar to the current voivodeships.

Collapsed list of car plates since 1937, please use table-sort buttons.

Car plates (since 1937)	Voivodeship	Polish name	Capital city modern name in parentheses	Area in km2 (1930)	Population (1931)
20–24	Bia?ystok	bia?ostockie	Bia?ystok	26,000	1,263,300
25–29	Kielce	kieleckie	Kielce	22,200	2,671,000
30–34	Kraków	krakowskie	Kraków	17,600	2,300,100
35–39	Lublin	lubelskie	Lublin	26,600	2,116,200
40–44	Lwów	lwowskie	Lwów (Lviv)	28,400	3,126,300
45–49	?ód?	?ódzkie	?ód?	20,400	2,650,100
50–54	Nowogródek	nowogródzkie	Nowogródek (Navahrudak)	23,000	1,057,200
55–59	Polesie	poleskie	Brze?? nad Bugiem (Brest)	36,700	1,132,200
60–64	Pomeranian	pomorskie	Toruń	25,700	1,884,400
65–69	Poznań	poznańskie	Poznań	28,100	2,339,600
70–74	Stanis?awów	stanis?awowskie	Stanis?awów (Ivano-Frankivsk)	16,900	1,480,300
75–79?	Silesian	?l?skie	Katowice	5,100	1,533,500
80–84	Tarnopol	tarnopolskie	Tarnopol (Ternopil)	16,500	1,600,400
85–89	Warsaw (voivodeship)	warszawskie	Warsaw	31,700	2,460,900
00–19	Warsaw (city)	Warszawa	Warsaw	140	1,179,500
90–94	Wilno	wileńskie	Wilno (Vilnius)	29,000	1,276,000
95–99	Wo?yń	wo?yńskie	?uck (Lutsk)	35,700	2,085,600

Polish People's Republic

After World War II, the new administrative division of the country within the new national borders was based on the prewar one and included 14 (+2) voivodeships, then 17 (+5). The voivodeships in the east that had not been annexed by the Soviet Union had their borders left almost unchanged. The newly acquired territories in the west and north were organized into the new voivodeships of Szczecin, Wroc?aw and Olsztyn, and partly joined to Gdańsk, Katowice and Poznań voivodeships. Two cities were granted voivodeship status: Warsaw and ?ód?.

In 1950, new voivodeships were created: Koszalin (previously part of Szczecin), Opole (previously part of Katowice), and Zielona Góra (previously part of Poznań, Wroc?aw and Szczecin voivodeships). In 1957, three more cities were granted voivodeship status: Wroc?aw, Kraków and Poznań.

Collapsed list of car plates since 1956 – please use table-sort buttons

Car plates (since 1956)	Voivodeship (Polish name)	Capital	Area in km2 (1965)	Population (1965)
A	bia?ostockie	Bia?ystok	23,136	1,160,400
B	bydgoskie	Bydgoszcz	20,794	1,837,100
G	gdańskie	Gdańsk	10,984	1,352,800
S	katowickie	Katowice	9,518	3,524,300
C	kieleckie	Kielce	19,498	1,899,100
E	koszalińskie1	Koszalin	17,974	755,100
K	krakowskie	Kraków	15,350	2,127,600
?	Kraków (city)2	Kraków	230	520,100
F	?ódzkie	?ód?	17,064	1,665,200
I	?ód? (city)	?ód?	214	744,100
L	lubelskie	Lublin	24,829	1,900,500
O	olsztyńskie	Olsztyn	20,994	956,600
H	opolskie 1	Opole	9,506	1,009,200
P	poznańskie	Poznań	26,723	2,126,300
?	Poznań (city)2	Poznań	220	438,200
R	rzeszowskie	Rzeszów	18,658	1,692,800
M	szczecińskie	Szczecin	12,677	847,600
T	warszawskie (the city of Warsaw was granted voivodeship status 1945-1975)	Warsaw	29,369	2,453,000
W	Warszawa (city)	Warsaw	446	1,252,600
X	wroc?awskie	Wroc?aw	18,827	1,967,000
?	Wroc?aw (city)2	Wroc?aw	225	474,200
Z	zielonogórskie1	Zielona Góra	14,514	847,200
1 New voivodeships created in 1950. 2 Cities separated in 1957.

Poland's voivodeships 1975–1998

See also: Subdivisions of the Polish People's Republic and Voivodeships of Poland (1975–1998)

Administrative division of Poland between 1979 and 1998 included 49 voivodeships upheld after the establishment of the Third Polish Republic in 1989 for another decade. This reorganization of administrative division of Poland was mainly a result of local government reform acts of 1973–1975. In place of the three-level administrative division (voivodeship, county, commune), a new two-level administrative division was introduced (49 small voivodeships, and communes). The three smallest voivodeships—Warsaw, Kraków and ?ód?—had the special status of municipal voivodeship; the city president (mayor) was also provincial governor.

Collapsed list of Voivodeships: 1975–1998, please use table-sort buttons.

Abbr.	Voivodeship	Polish name	Capital	Area km2 (1998)	Population (1980)	No. of cities	No. of communes
bp	Bia?a Podlaska Voivodeship	bialskopodlaskie	Bia?a Podlaska	5,348	286,400	6	35
bk	Bia?ystok Voivodeship	bia?ostockie	Bia?ystok	10,055	641,100	17	49
bb	Bielsko-Bia?a Voivodeship	bielskie	Bielsko-Bia?a	3,704	829,900	18	47
by	Bydgoszcz Voivodeship	bydgoskie	Bydgoszcz	10,349	1,036,000	27	55
ch	Che?m Voivodeship	che?mskie	Che?m	3,865	230,900	4	25
ci	Ciechanów Voivodeship	ciechanowskie	Ciechanów	6,362	405,400	9	45
cz	Cz?stochowa Voivodeship	cz?stochowskie	Cz?stochowa	6,182	747,900	17	49
el	Elbl?g Voivodeship	elbl?skie	Elbl?g	6,103	441,500	15	37
gd	Gdańsk Voivodeship	gdańskie	Gdańsk	7,394	1,333,800	19	43
go	Gorzów Voivodeship	gorzowskie	Gorzów Wielkopolski	8,484	455,400	21	38
jg	Jelenia Góra Voivodeship	jeleniogórskie	Jelenia Góra	4,378	492,600	24	28
kl	Kalisz Voivodeship	kaliskie	Kalisz	6,512	668,000	20	53
ka	Katowice Voivodeship	katowickie	Katowice	6,650	3,733,900	43	46
ki	Kielce Voivodeship	kieleckie	Kielce	9,211	1,068,700	17	69
kn	Konin Voivodeship	konińskie	Konin	5,139	441,200	18	43
ko	Koszalin Voivodeship	koszalińskie	Koszalin	8,470	462,200	17	35
kr	Kraków Voivodeship	krakowskie	Kraków	3,254	1,167,500	10	38
ks	Krosno Voivodeship	kro?nieńskie	Krosno	5,702	448,200	12	37
lg	Legnica Voivodeship	legnickie	Legnica	4,037	458,900	11	31
le	Leszno Voivodeship	leszczyńskie	Leszno	4,254	357,600	19	28
lu	Lublin Voivodeship	lubelskie	Lublin	6,793	935,200	16	62
lo	?om?a Voivodeship	?om?yńskie	?om?a	6,684	325,800	12	39
ld	?ód? Voivodeship	?ódzkie	?ód?	1523	1,127,800	8	11
ns	Nowy S?cz Voivodeship	nowos?deckie	Nowy S?cz	5,576	628,800	14	41
ol	Olsztyn Voivodeship	olsztyńskie	Olsztyn	12,327	681,400	21	48
op	Opole Voivodeship	opolskie	Opole	8,535	975,000	29	61
os	Ostro??ka Voivodeship	ostro??ckie	Ostro??ka	6,498	371,400	9	38
pi	Pi?a Voivodeship	pilskie	Pi?a	8,205	437,100	24	35
pt	Piotrków Voivodeship	piotrkowskie	Piotrków Trybunalski	6,266	604,200	10	51
pl	P?ock Voivodeship	p?ockie	P?ock	5,117	496,100	9	44
po	Poznań Voivodeship	poznańskie	Poznań	8,151	1,237,800	33	57
pr	Przemy?l Voivodeship	przemyskie	Przemy?l	4,437	380,000	9	35
ra	Radom Voivodeship	radomskie	Radom	7,295	702,300	15	61
rz	Rzeszów Voivodeship	rzeszowskie	Rzeszów	4,397	648,900	13	41
se	Siedlce Voivodeship	siedleckie	Siedlce	8,499	616,300	12	66
si	Sieradz Voivodeship	sieradzkie	Sieradz	4,869	392,300	9	40
sk	Skierniewice Voivodeship	skierniewickie	Skierniewice	3,959	396,900	8	36
sl	S?upsk Voivodeship	s?upskie	S?upsk	7,453	369,800	11	31
su	Suwa?ki Voivodeship	suwalskie	Suwa?ki	10,490	422,600	14	42
sz	Szczecin Voivodeship	szczecińskie	Szczecin	9,981	897,900	29	50
tg	Tarnobrzeg Voivodeship	tarnobrzeskie	Tarnobrzeg	6,283	556,300	14	46
ta	Tarnów Voivodeship	tarnowskie	Tarnów	4,151	607,000	9	41
to	Toruń Voivodeship	toruńskie	Toruń	5,348	610,800	13	41
wb	Wa?brzych Voivodeship	wa?brzyskie	Wa?brzych	4,168	716,100	31	30
wa	Warsaw Voivodeship	warszawskie	Warsaw (Warszawa)	3,788	2,319,100	27	32
wl	W?oc?awek Voivodeship	w?oc?awskie	W?oc?awek	4,402	413,400	14	30
wr	Wroc?aw Voivodeship	wroc?awskie	Wroc?aw	6,287	1,076,200	16	33
za	Zamo?? Voivodeship	zamojskie	Zamo??	6,980	472,100	5	47
zg	Zielona Góra Voivodeship	zielonogórskie	Zielona Góra	8,868	609,200	26	50

See also

• Armorial of Poland
• Flags of Polish voivodeships
• ISO 3166-2:PL
• List of Polish voivodeships by GRP
• Prowincja, provinces in Poland
• Polish historical regions

References

• "Poland", Encyclop?dia Britannica, 15th edition, 2010, Macropaedia, volume 25, p. 937.
• "Poland", The Columbia Encyclopedia, sixth edition, edited by Paul Lagassé, Columbia University Press, 2000, p. 2256.
• "Poland", The Encyclopedia Americana, 1986, volume 22, p. 312.
• "Poland," in Central Intelligence Agency, The CIA World Factbook 2010, New York, Skyhorse Publishing, Inc., 2009, ISBN 9781602397279, p. 546.
• "Voivodeship," The Oxford English Dictionary, second edition, volume XIX, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1989, p. 739.

External links

• Map of Polish Regions Archived 2025-08-05 at the Wayback Machine
• Administrative division of Poland (from Commission on Standardization of Geographical Names Outside Poland website, in English) Archived 2025-08-05 at the Wayback Machine
• Official map by Head Office of Geodesy and Cartography Archived 2025-08-05 at archive.today
• Regions of Poland Archived 2025-08-05 at the Wayback Machine
• Toponymic Guidelines Of Poland for Map Editors and Other Users Archived 2025-08-05 at the Wayback Machine Head Office Of Geodesy And Cartography, 2002
• CIA World Factbook --> "Poland --> Administrative divisions"